Augustus s Influence On The Roman Empire - 1260 Words

Augustus is known to be the first Roman emperor, and the founder of Rome, known for politically transforming the Roman republic to the early Roman Empire. During his rule his influence on artwork and architecture illustrated a classical style, and often they was a reflection of the â€Å"public image† of his rule, as well as his â€Å"new agenda†. (115) Augustus was quickly seen as a restorer of Rome. Augustus commissioned many large scale building projects such as the Campus Martius, as well as elaborate pieces of portraiture that illustrate his power and the peace of the new Rome under his rule. Augustus acknowledged his power and wealth but at the same time never formally declared himself emperor in order to maintain his citizenship. Although he was keen on denying title of emperor, he emphasized that he was a descendant of the great Julius Caesar considering himself his adopted son and his predecessor, in which he reinforces in some of the temples he commissioned. Overall Augustus was seen as a man of change and power, the one who brought prosperity to Rome when it became shaken by the assassination of Julius Caesar. The age of Augustus brought forth a classical style, influenced by Greeks, and the usage of marble and concrete to create complex buildings and sculptures. This was important because as a result of Augustus’ reign Rome obtained a very classical style, in which would later be reintroduced in order to mimic his greatness by other Emperors. Augustus’ artistic programShow MoreRelatedthe roman empire is the greatest civilization of all time1187 Words   |  5 PagesThe Roman Empire was the period of time after the Roman Republic and before the Byzantine Empire from 29 B.C. to A.D. 476. It was the highest point of Roman civilization, greater than any prior empires and towers over even the empires after it; it triumphed over the world . The Roman Republic was what built up the foundation for the Roman Empire. 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Public Health Analysis

Question: Analysing the impact of operating vegetable and fruit garden on the students fruit and vegetable intake behaviour in the low socio-economic Australian schools. Answer: Research questions What is the impact of having vegetable and fruit gardens in low socio-economic schools on the dietary intake of students in that school? How effective are the existence of vegetable and fruit gardens in improving the dietary intake of children studying in low socio-economic schools of Australia? What is the difference in students dietary intake of schools having gardens and schools not having the gardens in the low socio-economic zone of Australia? What are the challenges related to enhancing the fruit and vegetable dietary intake for students in low socio-economic schools of Australia? What are the suitable recommendations for improving the fruit and vegetable dietary intake for students in low socio-economic schools of Australia? Background Since ancient believes along with scientific evidential support it is proven that fruits and vegetables are one of the essential dietary elements or foods that help in controlling poor health effects by increasing immunity, providing essential nutritions, and minimizing the risk to diseases[1]. In the recent era, there are more and more interventions and activities to improve the health diet consumption that includes fruit and vegetables as major components of the nutritious diet. As per WHO studies, food and vegetables can minimise the risk factors related to obesity, hypertension, stroke, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and several types of cancer producing elements. The low fibrous diet (no fruits and vegetables) is one of the top ten global mortality risk factors[2],[3]. While studying the social determinants affecting the dietary behaviour of people it was proven that poverty, low income, unemployment and lack of proper health education are major social determinants that lead to poor dietary consumption in adults as well as children. It was also indicated that low socio-economic regions persist the habit of poor diet resulting in high rate of infections and diseases in these regions. The children living in low socio-economic zones of developed countries like Australia, Untied States and the United Kingdom show a very low daily fruit and vegetable intake with only 224g/day due to bad eating habits containing foods like chips, chocolates, biscuits and trans foods[4]. The school-based community gardens are one such practice that helps to re-establish the traditional practice of eating and developing health food relationships for children[5]. The viewpoint of feeding children with good eating habits and diet along with education in schools, there are school gardens established by public and private sector to maximise the healthy eating habit in initial ages of life. The school gardens containing fruits and vegetable targets to improve the eating habits, enhance nutritious diet, minimise risk to diseases and pollution to overcome the increasing mortality rate for future generations[6]. As per biological and behavioural aspects the overall physical, mental and psychological development of humans occur at the age of 5 to 17 years, therefore, the behaviour developed within this period becomes a lifetime habit of the individual. Hence, getting children involves in healthy eating habits will assure an increased life expectancy1. The research of indicates that school-based health programmes and interventions are working as good measures to control health inequalities in children. The existence of school-based vegetable and fruit gardens help to enhance the fruit and vegetable dietary intake in children. However, developing school gardens persist potential to improve the eating habits of children but there is a lack of research and experiments confirming the impact of this practice[7]. As school gardening is an innovative practice there are missing literature sources to confirm the positive impact of school gardening on the dietary habits of children. Secondly, there is less focus on analysing the dietary behaviour of children living in low socio-economic zones. There are very less random controlled trials that analyse the impact of school gardening on the dietary impact of specific regions childrens especially belonging to the low socio-economic group. Further, there are researches only comparing the dietary habits of boys and girls living in remote regions 3 or only analysing the lunchtime vegetable intake habits of children, a recent study 6implemented researches on either fruit or vegetable intake, not both together [8]. In the research field, the low socio-economic regions somehow due to unclear reasons, get neglected in health promotions studies related to dietary habits. However, even the available research data on school gardening and dietary behaviour of children limit sample size as well as time duration for research 1,[9],[10]. All the above-mentioned literature gaps are governed in the current research making it a unique and exception research work. A comparison of student dietary habits of low socio-economic schools having vegetable and fruit gardens with schools not having such gardens will provide a complete outlook on the impact of the effective gardening practice on the food eating habits. Further, an appropriate sample size and workable research time also implemented in this research. Rationale of research Due to lack of specific research sources on analysing the impact of fruit and vegetable gardens in low socio-economic schools of Australia as well as lack of experimental research on the impact of school gardening on the dietary habit of students in low socio-economic schools, the research focuses specifically on analysing the effect of fruit and vegetable garden presence on the fruit and vegetable intake habits of children studying in low socio-economic schools compared to intake habits of children in low socio-economic schools not having fruit and vegetable garden. Research plan Study design The research method will involve the use of descriptive study design to perform a comparative analysis on the basis of the survey. The descriptive design is supported with positivism research philosophy and deductive research approach that will initiate an objective based research along with a hypothesis development to observation making study[11]. Participants and sample size The Non-probability sampling technique will be employed in research to select low socio-economic schools from the two major low-socio economic locations in Australia[12]. These regions will be selected as per the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) released Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA). The five selected regions are Belyuen and Napranum that belongs to the Northern Territory and Queensland of Australia that is considered as most disadvantaged areas of the country[13]. The participants of research will be ten low socio-economic schools randomly belonging to these two regions. These ten schools will be distributed into two research groups that are Research group I, 5-low-socio economic schools having fruit and vegetable gardens existing minimum from last 1 year and Research group-II (control group), 5- low socio-economic schools having no fruit and vegetable gardens. The schools having independent and existing vegetable and fruit gardens will only be selected as Research group-I and schools having an absence of such gardens will be selected as Research group-II or control group. A large sample size of (n=200) students from each group belonging to age group 7 to 10 years will be taken as research sample to analyse their fruit and vegetable dietary intake habit. It means the testing sample group (Research group-I) will have n1 =200 participants and control sample group (Research group-II) will have n =200 participants. The overall sample size will be 400. Study procedure and participant recruitment For the purpose of initiating the research, a letter will be forwarded to the respective authorities of participating schools as well as parents of the sampled children to gather informed consent. Further, a permission letter from specific area councils of all the ten schools will be collected to obtain a legal permission for performing research activity. After obtaining permission from schools and parents an information sheet containing research details will be forwarded to the authorities that will provide authenticity to the research work. After recruiting the research participant a demographic analysis will be performed to determine the average age, height, body height, sex and gender of the participant children (Test-1, baseline measurement). The statistical tools will be implemented to measure the average dynamics and dimensions of both the research group (control and experiment group) separately. The measurement of dietary intake using specific tools will provide quantitative data that will be collected and managed for further analysis by the researchers. The researchers will collect data itself in participating school premises. The research will be performed in two experiments, the first experiment will be baseline measurement and the second experiment will be dietary measurement within seven days for next 24-hours. As the research involves human participation as a sample population, therefore, the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research Guidelines will be followed to provide ethically reliable research. These guidelines procedures will protect the autonomy of research participants and will provide beneficence understanding to researchers. There will be no forceful participation and participants will be accomplished with sovereignty to vacate research at the time as per their will. Further, the participants consent will be an ethical priority of research as per National Statement Content. Lastly, the confidentiality of research data will be maintained as per the Data Protection Act 1998 because research contains biological and personal information about participants. The research monitoring process will involve checking the reliability of source information, the validity of measuring instruments, and collecting evidential proof of research conduct to support the overall ethical p rinciples in research. Measures and Instruments Measurement Tool Age-group of participants Measurement outcomes Assessment method A Child Nutrition Questionnaire (7-day food checklist)[14] 7-10 years 1) Fruit and vegetable intake and noncore foods and beverages 2) Environment, knowledge and behaviours associated with these foods 1) Seven-day diet checklist 2) Brief nutrition questionnaire completed by child The measurement tool for experiments in research is A child Nutrition questionnaire that will be used in research is a 14-item questionnaire developed to fulfil the purpose of getting a dietary pattern of participants as well as knowledge on attitude and behaviours related to healthy eating (Test-2). This tool will help to measure the key nutritions and noticeable increases in any specific food consumption that can be vegetables, fruits, water, sweetened beverages etc. The response pattern involves the use of five-point Likert scales and frequency difference between the current and previous intake. A twelve score is involved for questionnaire distributed in five categories. The participants will be directed to complete the 7-day food checklist that will determine the consumption of vegetables, fruits, water, sweetened beverages, noncore food items and food plus parameters. This test will be completed by the participant (students) themselves within provided time duration[15]. Validity and reliability There are three most effective dietary intake measurement tools for children belonging to age group 5- 15 years that are A child Nutrition Questionnaire, Childrens Dietary Questionnaire (CDQ) and School Checklist. These three tools can be considered effective as per research requirements but the School Checklist involved the purpose of determining the energy gain from consumed food that is not suitable for the present research purpose. Out of other mentioned tools that are Child Nutrition Questionnaire and CDQ, where the CDQ test is usually performed parents or children but the Child Nutrition Questionnaire is more reliable and efficient performed by children themselves. Further, CDQ holds face, construct, concurrent validity but the Child Nutrition Questionnaire persist face, criterion, concurrent validity as well as reliability. The reliability of child nutrition questionnaire was estimated using 95% confidence intervals and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the baseline measures Test- 1(demographic analysis) and Test-2 (questionnaire test) of participants[16],[17]. Data analysis The collected research data will be analysed using SPSS to determine the mean, median and standard error indicating statistical significance and error in the data obtained from Test-1 and Test-2. Further, the average score of fruit and vegetable consumption within seven days duration by two research groups will be compared by using T-test and chi-square test determining the difference in dietary intake patterns of two research groups. Significance of study The research on analysing the impact of vegetable and fruit gardening in school on the dietary intake habits of students will help in determining the possible outcomes of school gardening effect on the overall healthy eating habits as well as the impact of environmental changes on the attitude of children. This study is essential to understand the importance of school gardening in low socio-economic zones. The expected outcomes of study should involve a better fruit and vegetable dietary intake by students having availability of fruits and vegetables in school campus indicating a cost effective, reliable and healthy approach. This will help to understand the importance of school gardening for improving the dietary habits to students. Hence, the research persists potential to improve the dietary habits of low socio-economic children. Further, the research will work as valuable literature source for future researches related to this research topic. The research will add a good literatu re source for studying the impact of school gardening practice in low socioeconomic schools of Australia. References [1] Brownson RC, Baker EA, Leet TL, Gillespie KN, True WR. Evidence-based public health. Oxford University Press; 2010 Nov 3. [2] Du Pre A. Communicating about health: current issues and perspectives. [3] Hoelscher DM, Springer AE, Ranjit N, Perry CL, Evans AE, Stigler M, Kelder SH. Reductions in child obesity among disadvantaged school children with community involvement: the Travis County CATCH Trial. Obesity. 2010 Feb 1; 18(S1):S36-44. [4] Craig LC, McNeill G, Macdiarmid JI, Masson LF, Holmes BA. Dietary patterns of school-age children in Scotland: association with socio-economic indicators, physical activity and obesity. British journal of nutrition. 2010 Feb 1; 103(03):319-34. [5] Oxenham E, King AD. School gardens as a strategy for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption. J Child Nutr Manag. 2010; 34(1). [6] Ratcliffe MM, Merrigan KA, Rogers BL, Goldberg JP. The effects of school garden experiences on middle school-aged students knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors associated with vegetable consumption. Health promotion practice. 2011 Jan 1;12(1):36-43. [7] Nutbeam D, Harris E, Wise W. Theory in a nutshell: a practical guide to health promotion theories. McGraw-Hill; 2010. [8] Blas E, Kurup AS. Equity, social determinants and public health programmes. World Health Organization; 2010. [9] Christian MS, Evans CE, Nykjaer C, Hancock N, Cade JE. Evaluation of the impact of a school gardening intervention on childrens fruit and vegetable intake: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014 Aug 16;11:99. [10] Gibbs L, Staiger PK, Johnson B, Block K, Macfarlane S, Gold L, Kulas J, Townsend M, Long C, Ukoumunne O. Expanding childrens food experiences: the impact of a school-based kitchen garden program. Journal of nutrition education and behavior. 2013 Apr 30; 45(2):137-46. [11] Saunders, M., Lewis, P., and Thornhill, A.Research Methods for Business Students, (6thed.) London: Pearson; 2009 [12] Truscott, D. M., Smith, S., Thornton-Reid, F., Williams, B., Matthews, M. A cross-disciplinary examination of the prevalence of mixed methods in educational research: 1995-2005,International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 2010; 13(4), pp. 317-28.

The Spider free essay sample

This essay looks at how two poets utilize a spider in their poems for completely different purposes in Frosts Design and Whitmans Noiseless Patient Spider. This essay contrasts how poets, Robert Frost and Walt Whitman, both eloquently utilize a minute spider and turn this creature of nature into a grandiose display of life, but for opposite reasons. The author shows how Frost?s spider is a mediation of mans attempts and failures in finding order and meaning in the universe, whereas, Whitmans is a contemplation of mans attempt to fully connect to and understand the world around him. From the paper: ?Poems, unlike prose, are direct expressions of a creators feelings. Though a poet also makes use of metaphors and figurative speech to convey images, it is something else beyond the upper layer of language that makes a poem work. It is something that relates directly to the feelings and passions of the poet. We will write a custom essay sample on The Spider or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, Robert Frosts poem, Design, is an exquisite play on striking images of dark and light, offering a look into this oppressive and isolated poets stark outlook on life. Whereas, his comrade, Walt Whitman, goes far above and beyond in both voice and metrical line with such a striking mural expansion of his optimistic view of the world around him in his poem, Noiseless, Patient Spider.

Book Report on Fast Food Nation

Book Report on Fast Food Nation Free Online Research Papers When reading a novel there are many expectations that come to mind before even opening it up. Is the book going to capture my interests? When reading this book am I going to understand the concept that is it trying to tell the reader? That is what I said to myself when before reading the novel â€Å"Fast Food Nation,† by Eric Schlosser. This book breaks down the dark side of the all- American meal. It goes through each topic one by one that many people may wonder about the fast food that they are eating. When I found out that I was going to have to read this book for my class I thought that it would just the book version of the movie, â€Å" Super-Size Me.† But then after reading the first chapter I realized it was something completely different. While reading this book there was some information that was disturbing to read. When finding out what they do to the cows and how they slaughter them was sad to hear. The chapters of the book cover many different topics. These topics range from the founders of the first fast food stand, how they make the fries, working in the slaughterhouse and the dangers that it causes to its workers, and global realization (how fast food has changed the world). Every time I read this book I learned more information that I never knew about the fast food industry. If I were to give this book a rating I would give it a ten. This book may not be welcoming to readers but it is very insightful. Who knew that the fast food industry is the largest place for teenagers to get jobs? I found out in this book that most teenagers once in their lives have worked in the fast food industries. Also I found out that the McDonalds brothers were the ones who began the first Speedee Service System. When reading this novel the author provides a historical backdrop of the fast-food nation. Each chapter of this book has to deal with different people. I was most interested in learning about Ray A. Kroc. I found that interesting because I live in San Diego and he used to be one of the physical education teachers at my middle school and the Kroc Center is just minutes from house and I have spent some time there in their activates department participating in pool and their indoor ice skating rink. The author also talks about Walt Disney, and his complicate relationship with Mr. Kroc and his rise to fame. Learning about these important characters was very interesting to me. Of course both these men became very successful businessmen but I enjoyed hearing about their struggles before entering the light of fame. Reading this book did not really affect my way of eating fast food. Actually while reading this book I began to get hungry for some sort of big mac and fries. I found this book more interesting then disgusting. I was upset reading one part of the book though. Hearing about the workers at the slaughterhouse made me sad. This chapter of the book is to consider how workers in the meatpacking industry are damaged because of the way the plants are managed. The author talks about the specific hazards that is included when working here. Such as the dangerous machinery, the impractical expectations for production, the poor working conditions, and the fact that the supervisors do not bother to help the injured workers, instead they just move them to an easier job until they are better to go back to their original job. â€Å"Schlosser also places blame on the Reagan administration for undoing the advances that had been made for worker since the beginning of the twentieth century,† (Fast Food Nation). Interviews are done in this book; the author talks to some of the late night clean up crew and tell the readers the horrors of working the midnight shifts. The late night cleaning crew consists of mostly illegal immigrants. These immigrants suffer the most pain when working but reporting their injuries could result in being deported back to their country. One worker stated that he has lost two fingers and went into shock, the next week he returned to work and said that if one hand was not working he had another one to use. (Fast Food Nation). The smells that come with working in the slaughterhouse are awful, many workers say they come home smelling so powerful it takes days to go away no matter how many showers they take. As you can see being in the fast food industry is stressful, whether you are working behind the counter or in the slaughterhouse. I would recommend this book to anyone. I think all high school students should read this book and get educated on the pros and cons of working for their local fast food industry. Reading this book did impact my life . I know that getting a good education can result in a good paying job and a job that will not send me to the hospital or have a hot oil burn from French fries being cooked. I would not take out any information form this book because it is full of so much information that anyone reading would want to know. Learning about the products that are in the meat and the fries may interest many people so they know what kind of things they are putting into their bodies. I enjoyed reading this book and I would do it again if it was necessary. Research Papers on Book Report on Fast Food NationBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XTrailblazing by Eric AndersonHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayStandardized TestingEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Hockey GameNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMind TravelQuebec and Canada

The Soviet Afghanistan War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Soviet Afghanistan War - Research Paper Example The international involvement in the war prepared an unsophisticated and unorganized guerilla force for sustained combat operations that lasted over 9 years and demoralized one of the world’s largest superpowers, consequently paving the way for its downfall (Arnold, 1985). Afghanistan enjoyed a healthy relationship with the Soviet Union during most of the 20th Century. Ever since the Russian Revolution in 1919, The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics had taken an active role in the military and economic functioning of Afghanistan. In fact, it was widely acknowledged that USSR and Afghanistan were very close allies and this often worried other political strongholds such as the United States of America and China. This relationship became official in the early 1950s when USSR sent billions in economic and military aid to Afghanistan. In 1978, the Afghan Army, which favored the PDPA (the voice of the masses of Afghanistan), caused overthrew and murdered Mohammed Daoud Khan, the ru ler. Soon after, Nur Muhammad Taraki, Secretary General of PDPA became President and Prime Minister as well. Once again, PDPA was divided internally into factions, Khalq (the masses) lead by Taraki and Hafizullah Amin and Parcham (flag) by Babrak Karmal and Mohammad Najibullah (Arnold, 1985). These conflicts resulted in violence, kidnappings and executions of many Parcham members and further deteriorating relations between the two factions. The problems that Afghanistan faced regarding ethnic and sectarian friction and violence deteriorated in the PDPA regime. Ever since the 1970s, Daoud Khan had neglected and angered the Pashtun populace of Afghanistan. Furthermore, Afghanistan had cemented problems with Pakistan as well after Daoud had urged his hardline Pashtunistan policies to Pakistan. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the Pakistan president at the time reacted by training the Jamiat-e-Islami militants against Daoud’s secular regime. Although these rebels were unsuccessful in overthr owing the government, the roots of an organized Islamic Rebellion had been put in place and their power would be seen in the years to come. During the first two years of his time in office, Taraki employed a liberal approach to governance by modernizing reforms. Many of these changes were seen by the masses as being anti-Islamic, something that greatly inflamed many. For example, the changes put forth by Taraki regarding land reforms and marriage rules were seen as going against the tradition in which this Islamic country was so deeply immersed. So infuriated was the populace that soon rebellions broke out in the country in mid 1978 with people attacking public buildings and military strongholds. Soon civil war had spread throughout the country. So dire was the situation that in September 1979, President Taraki was killed after a palace shootout; Hafizullah Amin took power. The Taraki and Amin governments were similar in practice; both employed Soviet-style governance, establishing reforms that hurt property owners and Islamic sentiment. Inevitably, there was great opposition to these reforms and major unrest through the country which was dealt violently by the government. Large parts of the country went into open revolt against the government. By 1979, 24 of the 28 provinces of the country had surges of violence and instability. The situation was worsened when an American Ambassador to Afghanistan, Adolph Dubs, was kidnapped and killed by militants with the help of the Soviet Union communists. Afterwards, the United States officially expressed its disapproval to the Soviet Union putting strain on

Law and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law and Ethics - Essay Example This leads to prevalence in property crime in poverty stricken areas. Generally, children who are brought up in poverty have a high propensity to commit crime which is further accelerated by population factors (Siegel & Worrall, 2011). A child from a poor background is more likely to involve in criminal activities than one from a well off background. In addition, populations that are majorly composed of young generation below 25 years and jobless at the same time, results in higher crime rates than a scenario old poor generation people. Moreover, the poor face more frustrations in life and are therefore more predisposed to mental illnesses than the rich and the affluent (Siegel & Worrall, 2011). The mental stresses and instabilities may lead individuals to commit violent acts, robbery and theft. At the same time, poverty causes the youth to view education with less prestige since they feel it does not warrant access to good jobs. Most poor youths do not have a connection with mentors and role models due to perceived or actual inferior education. The feeling will facilitate their forming groups and gangs which are a leeway to crime. Homicide Before making a decision on the fate of the woman, I would solicit to know the reason for her conduct towards her husband given that she knew that the husband was drunk. The husband is considered as not being of a stable mental state in his drunkenness (Siegel & Worrall, 2011). I would also establish the woman’s true intent for loading the gun as well as how long the argument had taken to warrant application of self defense. Based on the already stated actions, I feel the woman had an aforethought to kill the husband, that is why she went up the first floor and loaded the gun. She did not show any interest to withdraw from the fight. On coming back with the loaded gun, she found her husband holding a kitchen knife. However, she is not clear on the reaction of the husband when he saw her with a gun. Her argument that h er husband wanted to stub her is a hoax, she had a criminal intent to kill even before she saw the knife. As the prosecutor I would charge the woman with a first degree criminal homicide/murder. This is because the murder had been premeditated, was deliberate and was accompanied with malice on the woman’s side. This is further strengthened by her insistence that she was only defending herself from harm by the drunken husband. Although the woman claimed to have been provoked into action by the husband, there is no evidence that she did not have tie to cool off. The Ethics the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) using Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) Forcing arrestees to provide DNA samples irrespective of the charges that have been placed on them and the possibility of conviction is unethical. This is so because the results empower the police officers to provide intimate results and evidences to the government; these have the ability to lead to investigative arrests (Siegel & Worrall, 2011). This phenomenon is opposed to the desired procedures where the juries and judges ought to be the custodians of such information. Although DNA sequencing produces reliable results, it presents ethical, legal and social shortcomings. It has raised questions on privacy matters (Siegel & Worrall, 2011). Unlike fingerprints that are used for identification only, DNA provides insight into several intimate and personal aspects of individuals such as susceptibility to some diseases, predisposed to

History of Legazpi Essay Example for Free

History of Legazpi Essay DURING THE PRE-SPANISH PERIOD Early in the 13th century, Datu Balensusa and Dumagsil, two of the ten Bornean Datus led by Datu Puti, went from Panay to Laguna and the Bicol Region. Prehistoric dwellers mostly fishermen and farmers established a barangay on the mouth of Makabulo River called Sawangan (now Legazpi Port) , a small settlement by a mangrove swamp,Its inhabitants were headed by old chieftain, Gat Ibal,a descendant of Datu Dumagsil. The home grown name,Sawangan was another way to say Sabang indicating a† natural wharf created by the water from the sea†. Dwelling in tiny groups of huts which are made from rattan and nipa, small houses occupied this part of swampy and low land and its surrounding areas were known as Ibalon. DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD In 1573,under the Spanish expeditionary forces,Capitan Juan de Salcedo (Capitan Esteban de Manchaca) and 120 soldiers reached and explored barangay Sawangan. The natives gallantly fought the invaders but were no match for the conquistadores’ superior arms. Subsequently, the natives were converted to Catholism. In 1587,Franciscan friars of the Doctrina of Cagsawa began to convert the settlement to Christianity. Fr. Francisco de Sta. Ana,it’s first parish priest built the first chapel made of nipa and bamboo to house and established the first Franciscan mission in Sawangan, the â€Å"Mission de San Gregorio de Sawangan. In 1605, Sawaà ±gan was elevated to Visita Regular, having been previously under the spiritual ministry of Cagsaua since 1578. In 1616,Sawangan become an independent town separated from Cagsawa called Albaybay (meaning â€Å"by the bay†) finally shortened as Albay. It was declared the capital of the province of Partido de Ibalon (old name of the Province of Albay). The town was renamed Albay, then Legazpi, as Albay went on to refer to the province at present. Perennially rocked by minor eruptions of the Mayon Volcano for two centuries, compounded by sporadic attacks by Muslim pirates and the Dutch, the capital was partially destroyed by a major eruption on February 1, 1814. The catastrophe buried Cagsaua.The progress of the town was razed to the ground upon the eruption, Fr. Pedro Licup evacuated the community to Makalaya (today’s Barangay Taysan). Some of the people, however, remained in the old town and began anew as a barrio. In lieu of their former patron saint, St. Gregory the Great, which had also been transferred to Albay, they adopted St. Raphael, the Archangel and transformed the ermita into a church. They finally regained their old status but never changed the name of the place as Albay Viejo or Banwang Daan.Years later in 1856, Sawangan was restored and subsequently renamed Binanuahan (Banuang Gurang) which literally means â€Å"Old Town† or â€Å"ancient place or town wherein a town was founded† and/or â€Å"the former seat of a town†. It was made a Visita Tributaria of Taytay. The combined towns were later named Albay Nuevo (Bagumbayan – meaning â€Å"New Town†) with the residents of Binanuahan’s objections to the union. On July 17, 1856, Ramon Montero of the Govierno Superiora de las Islas Filipinas signed a decree which created the Visita of Pueblo Viejo, out of Binanuahan uniting the barrios (settlement communities) of Lamba, Bigaa and Rawis. On September 22, 1856, through a subsequent Royal Decree, the name Legazpi was officially adopted to including the visitas of Lamba, Rawis and Bigaa, and declaring it an independent town. It was formally inaugurated on October 23, 1856. Historically, the city was named Legazpi, to perpetuate to the memory of Adelantado Don Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. This was the agreement made between the original inhabitants of the place and the Spaniards during the former’s quest for autonomy. It took them 21 years, in which they sought the help and support of the Spaniards, then living in the town. As a sign of gratitude, the people readily accepted the name, which was also then proposed by the Spaniards upon fulfillment of their efforts. Now autonomous, and with a fast paced progress and prosperity,the port of Legazpi served as anchorage of ships sailing for Nuevo Espaà ±a (through Mexico) in the later part of the 16th century until it was elevated a Royal Decree by issued earlier on May 18, 1872 in Madrid and was later promulgated by Governor Juan Alamenos y de Vivar on December 3, 1874 as a port of entry open to world trade . Legazpi first became a city under the Becerra Law of 1892 promulgated by the Spanish Minister of Ultramar in 1894, which constituted the municipalities of Legazpi, Albay Nuevo and Daraga, into the Ayutamiento de Albay with the resentment of the Daragueà ±os. At the height of the Filipino-Spanish Revolution, the Civil Governor of Albay, Angel Bascaran y Federic and the Spanish residents fled Albay. Subsequently, a revolutionary Junta was organized by Don Anacleto Solano, who later turned over command to General Vicente Lucban, General-in-Chief of Operations of the Philippine Revolutionary Governments in the Southern Region. DURING THE AMERICAN PERIOD By January 23, 1900 the American forces outgunned Legazpi defenders, defeating the Sandatahanes led by Vito Belarmino and Jose Ignacio Paua at the Battle of San Rafael Bridge known as the â€Å"Battle of Legazpi†. With the American occupation in 1900, the city was dissolved upon reestablished Legazpi, Albay and Daraga as independent towns under a military government. In 1908, the Philippine Assembly, again, merged the three towns creating the Municipio de Albay which became the capital of the province. Giving way to bitter opposition from Daragueà ±os, realizing the merger was doing more harm than good to their interests, the Philippine Assembly finally separated Daraga from the capital town in 1922. DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD Simultaneous with the bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the Japanese Imperial Army’s Kimura Detachment entered Legazpi on December 12, 1941. Yet again, countless accounts of the locals’ ultimate sacrifices, gallantry and heroism against the odds in the ensuing Guerilla warfare abound during that period. Under Japanese military administration for almost 4 years, the capital was finally liberated by American forces on April 1, 1945. DURING THE REPUBLIC Legazpi became a city for the second time on July 18, 1948 when Daraga and Legazpi were combined again to constitute its territory, under Republic Act No. 306. Re-Incorporating Daraga, Republic Act No. 306 elevated the town to today’s Legazpi City. However, bitter opposition from the Daragueà ±os ultimately prevailed with the passing of Republic Act No. 993 which repealed R.A. 306 creating the separate Municipalities of Legazpi and Daraga.With the re-creation of the two municipalities, the city was dissolved in June 8, 1954. Finally on June 12, 1959,Republic Act 2232 authored by Senator.Pedro Subido and Congressman.Jusfino Nuyda was signed by Pres.Carlos P.Garcia. This was later amended by Republic Act 5525. By virtue of this act, Legazpi became a city for the third time. .Legazpi was declared Albay Province’s seat of government as its capital city under Republic Act 2254. On February 27, 1973, With the onset of the Integrated Reorganization Plan of Pres. Ferdinand Marcos, the City of Legazpi was declared under Presidential Decree No. 125, to comprise its present territorial jurisdiction and the adjacent Municipality of Daraga. however, the decree was permanently mothballed. This plan also made the city as the regional administrative center of the Bicol Region (Presidential Decree No. 1). At present,the Gateway City of Bicol,Legazpi,is a bustling and very progressive city that is home of more than 180,000 citizens.